企业架构基础

📖 概述

企业架构是组织信息技术基础设施和业务流程的系统性方法。它提供了一个统一的框架来对齐业务目标与技术实现，确保系统的可扩展性、可维护性和业务价值。

🎯 学习目标

• 理解企业架构的核心概念和价值
• 掌握TOGAF等主流架构框架
• 学习架构治理和决策流程
• 了解架构模式和最佳实践

🏗️ 企业架构基础概念

1. 架构层次模型

// 企业架构层次管理器
class EnterpriseArchitectureManager {
  constructor() {
    this.businessArchitecture = new BusinessArchitecture()
    this.dataArchitecture = new DataArchitecture()
    this.applicationArchitecture = new ApplicationArchitecture()
    this.technologyArchitecture = new TechnologyArchitecture()
    this.governanceFramework = new ArchitectureGovernance()
  }
  
  // 业务架构层
  class BusinessArchitecture {
    constructor() {
      this.businessCapabilities = new Map()
      this.valueStreams = new Map()
      this.businessProcesses = new Map()
      this.organizationUnits = new Map()
    }
    
    // 定义业务能力
    defineBusinessCapability(capabilityInfo) {
      const capability = {
        id: capabilityInfo.id,
        name: capabilityInfo.name,
        description: capabilityInfo.description,
        level: capabilityInfo.level, // L1, L2, L3
        parentCapability: capabilityInfo.parentId,
        subCapabilities: [],
        businessValue: capabilityInfo.businessValue,
        maturityLevel: capabilityInfo.maturityLevel,
        stakeholders: capabilityInfo.stakeholders || [],
        supportingApplications: [],
        enabledProcesses: [],
        requiredData: [],
        metrics: {
          efficiency: 0,
          effectiveness: 0,
          satisfaction: 0
        }
      }
      
      this.businessCapabilities.set(capability.id, capability)
      
      // 建立父子关系
      if (capability.parentCapability) {
        const parent = this.businessCapabilities.get(capability.parentCapability)
        if (parent) {
          parent.subCapabilities.push(capability.id)
        }
      }
      
      console.log(`业务能力定义完成: ${capability.name}`)
      return capability
    }
    
    // 定义价值流
    defineValueStream(streamInfo) {
      const valueStream = {
        id: streamInfo.id,
        name: streamInfo.name,
        description: streamInfo.description,
        stakeholder: streamInfo.stakeholder,
        valueProposition: streamInfo.valueProposition,
        stages: streamInfo.stages.map(stage => ({
          id: stage.id,
          name: stage.name,
          activities: stage.activities,
          capabilities: stage.capabilities,
          data: stage.data,
          applications: stage.applications,
          duration: stage.duration,
          cost: stage.cost
        })),
        metrics: {
          leadTime: 0,
          throughput: 0,
          quality: 0,
          cost: 0
        }
      }
      
      this.valueStreams.set(valueStream.id, valueStream)
      
      console.log(`价值流定义完成: ${valueStream.name}`)
      return valueStream
    }
    
    // 分析能力差距
    analyzeCapabilityGaps() {
      const gapAnalysis = {
        assessmentDate: new Date(),
        capabilities: [],
        recommendations: []
      }
      
      this.businessCapabilities.forEach((capability, id) => {
        const currentMaturity = capability.maturityLevel
        const targetMaturity = this.getTargetMaturity(capability)
        
        const gap = {
          capabilityId: id,
          capabilityName: capability.name,
          currentMaturity,
          targetMaturity,
          gapSize: targetMaturity - currentMaturity,
          priority: this.calculatePriority(capability, targetMaturity - currentMaturity),
          investmentRequired: this.estimateInvestment(capability, targetMaturity - currentMaturity),
          timeline: this.estimateTimeline(capability, targetMaturity - currentMaturity)
        }
        
        gapAnalysis.capabilities.push(gap)
        
        if (gap.gapSize > 0) {
          gapAnalysis.recommendations.push({
            type: 'capability_enhancement',
            capability: id,
            description: `提升 ${capability.name} 从 ${currentMaturity} 到 ${targetMaturity}`,
            priority: gap.priority,
            investment: gap.investmentRequired
          })
        }
      })
      
      return gapAnalysis
    }
    
    getTargetMaturity(capability) {
      // 根据业务价值和战略重要性确定目标成熟度
      const businessValue = capability.businessValue || 'medium'
      const valueMap = { 'high': 4, 'medium': 3, 'low': 2 }
      return valueMap[businessValue] || 3
    }
    
    calculatePriority(capability, gapSize) {
      const businessImpact = capability.businessValue === 'high' ? 3 : 
                           capability.businessValue === 'medium' ? 2 : 1
      const urgency = gapSize > 2 ? 3 : gapSize > 1 ? 2 : 1
      
      return businessImpact * urgency
    }
  }
  
  // 数据架构层
  class DataArchitecture {
    constructor() {
      this.dataModels = new Map()
      this.dataFlows = new Map()
      this.dataGovernance = new DataGovernanceFramework()
    }
    
    // 定义概念数据模型
    defineConceptualModel(modelInfo) {
      const model = {
        id: modelInfo.id,
        name: modelInfo.name,
        description: modelInfo.description,
        entities: modelInfo.entities.map(entity => ({
          name: entity.name,
          description: entity.description,
          attributes: entity.attributes,
          relationships: entity.relationships,
          businessRules: entity.businessRules
        })),
        relationships: modelInfo.relationships,
        constraints: modelInfo.constraints,
        createdDate: new Date(),
        version: '1.0'
      }
      
      this.dataModels.set(model.id, model)
      
      console.log(`概念数据模型定义完成: ${model.name}`)
      return model
    }
    
    // 定义数据流
    defineDataFlow(flowInfo) {
      const dataFlow = {
        id: flowInfo.id,
        name: flowInfo.name,
        source: flowInfo.source,
        target: flowInfo.target,
        dataElements: flowInfo.dataElements,
        frequency: flowInfo.frequency,
        volume: flowInfo.volume,
        format: flowInfo.format,
        security: flowInfo.security,
        quality: {
          accuracy: flowInfo.quality?.accuracy || 'unknown',
          completeness: flowInfo.quality?.completeness || 'unknown',
          consistency: flowInfo.quality?.consistency || 'unknown',
          timeliness: flowInfo.quality?.timeliness || 'unknown'
        },
        dependencies: flowInfo.dependencies || []
      }
      
      this.dataFlows.set(dataFlow.id, dataFlow)
      
      console.log(`数据流定义完成: ${dataFlow.name}`)
      return dataFlow
    }
  }
  
  // 应用架构层
  class ApplicationArchitecture {
    constructor() {
      this.applications = new Map()
      this.applicationPortfolio = new ApplicationPortfolio()
      this.integrationPatterns = new Map()
    }
    
    // 定义应用系统
    defineApplication(appInfo) {
      const application = {
        id: appInfo.id,
        name: appInfo.name,
        description: appInfo.description,
        type: appInfo.type, // core, supporting, utility
        category: appInfo.category, // ERP, CRM, etc.
        businessCapabilities: appInfo.businessCapabilities || [],
        dataEntities: appInfo.dataEntities || [],
        interfaces: appInfo.interfaces || [],
        dependencies: appInfo.dependencies || [],
        technology: {
          platform: appInfo.technology?.platform,
          language: appInfo.technology?.language,
          framework: appInfo.technology?.framework,
          database: appInfo.technology?.database
        },
        lifecycle: {
          status: appInfo.lifecycle?.status || 'active',
          version: appInfo.lifecycle?.version || '1.0',
          deploymentDate: appInfo.lifecycle?.deploymentDate,
          retirementDate: appInfo.lifecycle?.retirementDate
        },
        metrics: {
          users: 0,
          transactions: 0,
          availability: 0,
          performance: 0
        }
      }
      
      this.applications.set(application.id, application)
      
      console.log(`应用系统定义完成: ${application.name}`)
      return application
    }
    
    // 应用组合分析
    analyzeApplicationPortfolio() {
      const analysis = {
        assessmentDate: new Date(),
        totalApplications: this.applications.size,
        byType: { core: 0, supporting: 0, utility: 0 },
        byLifecycle: { active: 0, deprecated: 0, retirement: 0 },
        technicalDebt: [],
        rationalizationOpportunities: []
      }
      
      this.applications.forEach((app, id) => {
        // 按类型统计
        analysis.byType[app.type] = (analysis.byType[app.type] || 0) + 1
        
        // 按生命周期统计
        analysis.byLifecycle[app.lifecycle.status] = 
          (analysis.byLifecycle[app.lifecycle.status] || 0) + 1
        
        // 技术债务分析
        const techDebt = this.assessTechnicalDebt(app)
        if (techDebt.score > 7) {
          analysis.technicalDebt.push({
            applicationId: id,
            applicationName: app.name,
            debtScore: techDebt.score,
            issues: techDebt.issues
          })
        }
        
        // 合理化机会
        const rationalization = this.assessRationalization(app)
        if (rationalization.recommendation !== 'retain') {
          analysis.rationalizationOpportunities.push({
            applicationId: id,
            applicationName: app.name,
            recommendation: rationalization.recommendation,
            rationale: rationalization.rationale,
            savings: rationalization.estimatedSavings
          })
        }
      })
      
      return analysis
    }
    
    assessTechnicalDebt(application) {
      let score = 0
      const issues = []
      
      // 技术栈老化
      if (this.isTechnologyOutdated(application.technology)) {
        score += 3
        issues.push('过时的技术栈')
      }
      
      // 维护成本高
      if (application.metrics.availability < 0.95) {
        score += 2
        issues.push('低可用性')
      }
      
      // 集成复杂性
      if (application.dependencies.length > 10) {
        score += 2
        issues.push('高集成复杂性')
      }
      
      return { score, issues }
    }
  }
  
  // 架构治理
  class ArchitectureGovernance {
    constructor() {
      this.principles = new Map()
      this.standards = new Map()
      this.decisions = []
      this.complianceRules = new Map()
    }
    
    // 定义架构原则
    defineArchitecturePrinciple(principleInfo) {
      const principle = {
        id: principleInfo.id,
        name: principleInfo.name,
        statement: principleInfo.statement,
        rationale: principleInfo.rationale,
        implications: principleInfo.implications,
        category: principleInfo.category, // business, data, application, technology
        priority: principleInfo.priority, // high, medium, low
        applicableScope: principleInfo.scope,
        exceptions: [],
        createdDate: new Date(),
        createdBy: principleInfo.createdBy
      }
      
      this.principles.set(principle.id, principle)
      
      console.log(`架构原则定义完成: ${principle.name}`)
      return principle
    }
    
    // 架构决策记录
    recordArchitectureDecision(decisionInfo) {
      const decision = {
        id: this.generateDecisionId(),
        title: decisionInfo.title,
        status: decisionInfo.status || 'proposed',
        context: decisionInfo.context,
        decision: decisionInfo.decision,
        consequences: decisionInfo.consequences,
        alternatives: decisionInfo.alternatives || [],
        stakeholders: decisionInfo.stakeholders || [],
        relatedPrinciples: decisionInfo.relatedPrinciples || [],
        createdDate: new Date(),
        createdBy: decisionInfo.createdBy,
        approvedBy: decisionInfo.approvedBy,
        approvalDate: decisionInfo.approvalDate
      }
      
      this.decisions.push(decision)
      
      console.log(`架构决策记录完成: ${decision.title}`)
      return decision
    }
    
    // 合规性检查
    checkCompliance(artifact) {
      const complianceResult = {
        artifactId: artifact.id,
        artifactType: artifact.type,
        checkDate: new Date(),
        overallCompliance: true,
        violations: [],
        recommendations: []
      }
      
      // 检查原则遵循
      this.principles.forEach((principle, principleId) => {
        if (this.isApplicable(principle, artifact)) {
          const compliance = this.checkPrincipleCompliance(principle, artifact)
          
          if (!compliance.compliant) {
            complianceResult.overallCompliance = false
            complianceResult.violations.push({
              type: 'principle_violation',
              principleId,
              principleName: principle.name,
              description: compliance.reason,
              severity: principle.priority === 'high' ? 'critical' : 
                       principle.priority === 'medium' ? 'major' : 'minor'
            })
          }
        }
      })
      
      // 检查标准遵循
      this.standards.forEach((standard, standardId) => {
        if (this.isStandardApplicable(standard, artifact)) {
          const compliance = this.checkStandardCompliance(standard, artifact)
          
          if (!compliance.compliant) {
            complianceResult.overallCompliance = false
            complianceResult.violations.push({
              type: 'standard_violation',
              standardId,
              standardName: standard.name,
              description: compliance.reason,
              severity: 'major'
            })
          }
        }
      })
      
      return complianceResult
    }
    
    generateDecisionId() {
      return `ADR-${Date.now().toString().slice(-6)}`
    }
  }
}

2. TOGAF 架构开发方法

// TOGAF ADM 实现
class TOGAFArchitectureDevelopmentMethod {
  constructor() {
    this.phases = {
      preliminary: new PreliminaryPhase(),
      visionA: new ArchitectureVisionPhase(),
      businessB: new BusinessArchitecturePhase(),
      informationC: new InformationSystemsArchitecturePhase(),
      technologyD: new TechnologyArchitecturePhase(),
      opportunitiesE: new OpportunitiesAndSolutionsPhase(),
      migrationF: new MigrationPlanningPhase(),
      implementationG: new ImplementationGovernancePhase(),
      changeH: new ArchitectureChangeManagementPhase()
    }
    
    this.currentPhase = null
    this.artifacts = new Map()
    this.stakeholders = new Map()
  }
  
  // 预备阶段
  class PreliminaryPhase {
    constructor() {
      this.name = 'Preliminary'
      this.description = '准备和启动架构活动'
    }
    
    async execute(context) {
      console.log('执行预备阶段...')
      
      const results = {
        phase: this.name,
        startDate: new Date(),
        deliverables: []
      }
      
      // 1. 建立架构能力
      const architectureCapability = await this.establishArchitectureCapability(context)
      results.deliverables.push(architectureCapability)
      
      // 2. 定制架构框架
      const customizedFramework = await this.customizeArchitectureFramework(context)
      results.deliverables.push(customizedFramework)
      
      // 3. 实施治理
      const governanceFramework = await this.implementGovernance(context)
      results.deliverables.push(governanceFramework)
      
      // 4. 选择工具
      const toolSelection = await this.selectTools(context)
      results.deliverables.push(toolSelection)
      
      results.endDate = new Date()
      results.status = 'completed'
      
      console.log('预备阶段完成')
      return results
    }
    
    async establishArchitectureCapability(context) {
      return {
        name: 'Architecture Capability',
        description: '企业架构能力建设',
        components: {
          organizationStructure: {
            chiefArchitect: context.chiefArchitect,
            architectureBoard: context.architectureBoard,
            domainArchitects: context.domainArchitects
          },
          skillsFramework: {
            requiredSkills: [
              'Enterprise Architecture',
              'Business Analysis',
              'Technical Architecture',
              'Project Management'
            ],
            trainingProgram: 'EA Certification Program',
            competencyLevels: ['Foundation', 'Practitioner', 'Specialist', 'Expert']
          },
          processes: [
            'Architecture Review Process',
            'Change Management Process',
            'Compliance Assessment Process'
          ]
        }
      }
    }
    
    async customizeArchitectureFramework(context) {
      return {
        name: 'Customized Architecture Framework',
        baseFramework: 'TOGAF 10',
        customizations: {
          methodology: 'Agile-enhanced ADM',
          artifacts: 'Simplified artifact set',
          governance: 'Risk-based governance',
          tools: 'Integrated toolchain'
        },
        adaptations: [
          'Agile development integration',
          'Cloud-first approach',
          'DevOps alignment',
          'Microservices support'
        ]
      }
    }
  }
  
  // 架构愿景阶段
  class ArchitectureVisionPhase {
    constructor() {
      this.name = 'Architecture Vision (Phase A)'
      this.description = '定义架构工作的范围和愿景'
    }
    
    async execute(context) {
      console.log('执行架构愿景阶段...')
      
      const results = {
        phase: this.name,
        startDate: new Date(),
        deliverables: []
      }
      
      // 1. 业务场景分析
      const businessScenarios = await this.developBusinessScenarios(context)
      results.deliverables.push(businessScenarios)
      
      // 2. 架构愿景
      const architectureVision = await this.createArchitectureVision(context)
      results.deliverables.push(architectureVision)
      
      // 3. 利益相关者管理
      const stakeholderMap = await this.createStakeholderMap(context)
      results.deliverables.push(stakeholderMap)
      
      // 4. 架构工作说明
      const statementOfWork = await this.createStatementOfWork(context)
      results.deliverables.push(statementOfWork)
      
      results.endDate = new Date()
      results.status = 'completed'
      
      console.log('架构愿景阶段完成')
      return results
    }
    
    async developBusinessScenarios(context) {
      const scenarios = [
        {
          id: 'scenario-001',
          title: '数字化转型',
          description: '通过数字化技术提升业务效率和客户体验',
          businessDrivers: [
            '市场竞争加剧',
            '客户期望提升',
            '运营成本压力'
          ],
          keyStakeholders: ['CEO', 'CTO', '业务部门负责人'],
          successCriteria: [
            '客户满意度提升20%',
            '运营效率提升30%',
            '产品上市时间缩短50%'
          ],
          businessRequirements: [
            '多渠道客户接触点',
            '实时数据分析',
            '自动化业务流程'
          ]
        }
      ]
      
      return {
        name: 'Business Scenarios',
        scenarios,
        prioritization: this.prioritizeScenarios(scenarios)
      }
    }
    
    async createArchitectureVision(context) {
      return {
        name: 'Architecture Vision',
        visionStatement: '构建敏捷、安全、可扩展的数字化平台，支持业务快速创新和增长',
        strategicGoals: [
          '数字化客户体验',
          '运营效率优化',
          '数据驱动决策',
          '技术平台现代化'
        ],
        architecturePrinciples: [
          '云优先策略',
          'API优先设计',
          '数据即资产',
          '安全内建'
        ],
        highLevelArchitecture: {
          targetState: '微服务架构 + 云原生平台',
          transitionPlan: '3年分阶段迁移',
          riskMitigation: '并行运行 + 渐进式切换'
        }
      }
    }
  }
  
  // 业务架构阶段
  class BusinessArchitecturePhase {
    constructor() {
      this.name = 'Business Architecture (Phase B)'
      this.description = '开发业务架构以支持约定的架构愿景'
    }
    
    async execute(context) {
      console.log('执行业务架构阶段...')
      
      const results = {
        phase: this.name,
        startDate: new Date(),
        deliverables: []
      }
      
      // 1. 业务能力模型
      const capabilityModel = await this.developCapabilityModel(context)
      results.deliverables.push(capabilityModel)
      
      // 2. 价值流图
      const valueStreamMap = await this.createValueStreamMap(context)
      results.deliverables.push(valueStreamMap)
      
      // 3. 组织模型
      const organizationModel = await this.developOrganizationModel(context)
      results.deliverables.push(organizationModel)
      
      // 4. 业务流程模型
      const processModel = await this.developProcessModel(context)
      results.deliverables.push(processModel)
      
      results.endDate = new Date()
      results.status = 'completed'
      
      return results
    }
    
    async developCapabilityModel(context) {
      // 实现业务能力建模逻辑
      return {
        name: 'Business Capability Model',
        levels: ['L1', 'L2', 'L3'],
        capabilities: this.extractBusinessCapabilities(context),
        heatMap: this.createCapabilityHeatMap(context)
      }
    }
  }
}

3. 架构治理框架

// 架构治理实施
class ArchitectureGovernanceFramework {
  constructor() {
    this.governanceModel = new GovernanceModel()
    this.architectureBoard = new ArchitectureBoard()
    this.complianceFramework = new ComplianceFramework()
    this.metricsFramework = new MetricsFramework()
  }
  
  // 治理模型
  class GovernanceModel {
    constructor() {
      this.roles = new Map()
      this.responsibilities = new Map()
      this.processes = new Map()
      this.decisionRights = new Map()
    }
    
    // 定义治理角色
    defineGovernanceRoles() {
      const roles = [
        {
          id: 'chief-architect',
          name: '首席架构师',
          responsibilities: [
            '架构愿景和策略制定',
            '架构原则和标准制定',
            '架构委员会主席',
            '重大架构决策'
          ],
          accountabilities: [
            '企业架构质量',
            '架构一致性',
            '技术风险管理'
          ],
          reportingLine: 'CTO/CIO'
        },
        {
          id: 'domain-architect',
          name: '领域架构师',
          responsibilities: [
            '特定领域架构设计',
            '架构标准实施',
            '技术方案评审',
            '架构合规检查'
          ],
          accountabilities: [
            '领域架构质量',
            '标准遵循',
            '技术债务管理'
          ],
          reportingLine: '首席架构师'
        },
        {
          id: 'solution-architect',
          name: '解决方案架构师',
          responsibilities: [
            '解决方案架构设计',
            '技术选型',
            '架构实施指导',
            '技术风险评估'
          ],
          accountabilities: [
            '解决方案质量',
            '技术可行性',
            '实施风险'
          ],
          reportingLine: '领域架构师'
        }
      ]
      
      roles.forEach(role => {
        this.roles.set(role.id, role)
      })
      
      return roles
    }
    
    // 定义决策权限
    defineDecisionRights() {
      const decisions = [
        {
          category: 'strategic',
          decisions: [
            '技术策略制定',
            '架构原则制定',
            '技术标准选择'
          ],
          decisionMaker: 'chief-architect',
          consultRequired: ['CTO', 'domain-architects'],
          approvalRequired: 'architecture-board'
        },
        {
          category: 'tactical',
          decisions: [
            '技术平台选择',
            '架构模式选择',
            '集成标准制定'
          ],
          decisionMaker: 'domain-architect',
          consultRequired: ['solution-architects'],
          approvalRequired: 'chief-architect'
        },
        {
          category: 'operational',
          decisions: [
            '具体技术选型',
            '实施方案设计',
            '配置标准制定'
          ],
          decisionMaker: 'solution-architect',
          consultRequired: ['development-team'],
          approvalRequired: 'domain-architect'
        }
      ]
      
      decisions.forEach(decision => {
        this.decisionRights.set(decision.category, decision)
      })
      
      return decisions
    }
  }
  
  // 架构委员会
  class ArchitectureBoard {
    constructor() {
      this.members = []
      this.charter = null
      this.meetings = []
      this.decisions = []
    }
    
    // 建立架构委员会
    establishBoard(boardConfig) {
      this.charter = {
        purpose: '为企业架构提供治理、监督和战略指导',
        scope: '所有影响企业架构的决策和变更',
        authority: [
          '批准架构原则和标准',
          '审查重大架构决策',
          '解决架构争议',
          '监督架构合规性'
        ],
        responsibilities: [
          '架构策略制定',
          '架构标准审批',
          '投资优先级决策',
          '风险评估和缓解'
        ],
        meetingFrequency: '每月一次',
        quorumRequirement: '50%+1成员出席'
      }
      
      this.members = boardConfig.members.map(member => ({
        id: member.id,
        name: member.name,
        role: member.role,
        organization: member.organization,
        expertise: member.expertise,
        votingRights: member.votingRights || true,
        joinDate: new Date()
      }))
      
      console.log('架构委员会建立完成')
      return this.charter
    }
    
    // 架构评审流程
    async conductArchitectureReview(reviewRequest) {
      const review = {
        id: this.generateReviewId(),
        requestDate: new Date(),
        requestor: reviewRequest.requestor,
        subject: reviewRequest.subject,
        description: reviewRequest.description,
        artifacts: reviewRequest.artifacts,
        urgency: reviewRequest.urgency || 'normal',
        status: 'submitted',
        reviewers: [],
        findings: [],
        recommendations: [],
        decision: null
      }
      
      // 1. 初步评估
      const initialAssessment = await this.performInitialAssessment(review)
      review.initialAssessment = initialAssessment
      
      // 2. 指定评审员
      review.reviewers = this.assignReviewers(review)
      
      // 3. 详细评审
      const detailedReview = await this.performDetailedReview(review)
      review.findings = detailedReview.findings
      review.recommendations = detailedReview.recommendations
      
      // 4. 委员会决策
      const boardDecision = await this.makeBoardDecision(review)
      review.decision = boardDecision
      review.status = 'completed'
      review.completionDate = new Date()
      
      this.decisions.push(review)
      
      console.log(`架构评审完成: ${review.subject}`)
      return review
    }
    
    async performInitialAssessment(review) {
      return {
        complexity: this.assessComplexity(review),
        impact: this.assessImpact(review),
        risk: this.assessRisk(review),
        priority: this.calculatePriority(review),
        estimatedEffort: this.estimateReviewEffort(review)
      }
    }
    
    assignReviewers(review) {
      const reviewers = []
      
      // 根据主题选择合适的评审员
      if (review.subject.includes('security')) {
        reviewers.push(this.findExpert('security'))
      }
      
      if (review.subject.includes('data')) {
        reviewers.push(this.findExpert('data'))
      }
      
      if (review.subject.includes('integration')) {
        reviewers.push(this.findExpert('integration'))
      }
      
      // 确保至少有一个高级架构师
      if (!reviewers.some(r => r.seniority === 'senior')) {
        reviewers.push(this.findSeniorArchitect())
      }
      
      return reviewers
    }
  }
  
  // 合规性框架
  class ComplianceFramework {
    constructor() {
      this.policies = new Map()
      this.standards = new Map()
      this.assessmentTemplates = new Map()
      this.auditTrail = []
    }
    
    // 创建合规性评估
    async createComplianceAssessment(assessmentConfig) {
      const assessment = {
        id: this.generateAssessmentId(),
        name: assessmentConfig.name,
        scope: assessmentConfig.scope,
        assessor: assessmentConfig.assessor,
        assessmentDate: new Date(),
        template: assessmentConfig.template,
        criteria: this.getAssessmentCriteria(assessmentConfig.template),
        results: [],
        overallScore: 0,
        complianceLevel: 'unknown',
        recommendations: []
      }
      
      // 执行评估
      for (const criterion of assessment.criteria) {
        const result = await this.evaluateCriterion(criterion, assessmentConfig.target)
        assessment.results.push(result)
      }
      
      // 计算总分
      assessment.overallScore = this.calculateOverallScore(assessment.results)
      assessment.complianceLevel = this.determineComplianceLevel(assessment.overallScore)
      
      // 生成建议
      assessment.recommendations = this.generateRecommendations(assessment.results)
      
      this.auditTrail.push({
        action: 'assessment_completed',
        assessmentId: assessment.id,
        timestamp: new Date(),
        assessor: assessment.assessor
      })
      
      console.log(`合规性评估完成: ${assessment.name}`)
      return assessment
    }
    
    async evaluateCriterion(criterion, target) {
      const result = {
        criterionId: criterion.id,
        criterionName: criterion.name,
        weight: criterion.weight,
        score: 0,
        maxScore: criterion.maxScore,
        evidence: [],
        findings: [],
        recommendations: []
      }
      
      // 执行具体的评估逻辑
      switch (criterion.type) {
        case 'documentation':
          result.score = await this.assessDocumentation(criterion, target)
          break
        case 'implementation':
          result.score = await this.assessImplementation(criterion, target)
          break
        case 'process':
          result.score = await this.assessProcess(criterion, target)
          break
        default:
          result.score = 0
      }
      
      // 添加发现和建议
      if (result.score < criterion.maxScore * 0.8) {
        result.findings.push(`${criterion.name} 合规性不足`)
        result.recommendations.push(`改进 ${criterion.name} 的实施`)
      }
      
      return result
    }
  }
}

📚 最佳实践总结

1. 分层架构：明确业务、数据、应用、技术各层职责
2. 架构治理：建立完善的治理机制和决策流程
3. 标准化：制定和遵循统一的架构原则和标准
4. 可追溯性：确保架构决策的可追溯和可审计
5. 持续改进：定期评估和优化架构有效性
6. 风险管理：识别和缓解架构相关风险
7. 利益相关者参与：确保各方利益相关者的充分参与
8. 价值导向：确保架构工作与业务价值保持一致

通过掌握这些企业架构基础概念，您将能够为组织建立有效的架构治理和实施框架。